کد خبر: 4192

تاریخ بروزرسانی : 1397/08/15

سرفصل های درس روش تحقیق در مسائل آموزش زبان

منابع آزمون دکتری

نام بسته درسی : روش تحقیق در مسائل آموزش زبان

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فهرست:

Chapter One : General Principles of  Research

Chapter Two  : Fundamentals of Quantitative Research

Chapter Three  : Qualitative Data Collection Techniques

Chapter Four : Quantitative Research Design

Chapter Five : Classification of Research Designs

Chapter Six : Glassory of terms in Methodology

 بخش هایی از بسته درسی روش تحقیق در مسائل آموزش زبان

1-1 Purpose of research

The principal goal of research is the preservation and improvement of the quality of human life.  All kinds of research are directed toward this end. 

The purose of research are as follows:

  • To discover new facts about known phenomena.
  • To find answers to problems which are only partially solved by existing methods and information.
  • To improve existing techniques and develop new instruments or products.
  • To discover previously unrecognized substances or elements.
  • Discover pathways of action of known substances and elements.
  • To order related, valid generalizations into systematized science.
  • To provide basis for decision-making in business, industry, education, government and in other undertakings.
  • To satisfy the researcher’s curiosity.
  • To find answers to queries by means of scientific methods.
  1. To acquire a better and deeper understanding about one phenomenon that can be known and understood better by research.
  2. To expand or verify existing knowledge.
  3. To improve educational practices for raising the quality of school products.
  4. To promote health and prolong life.
  5. To provide man with more of his basic needs – more and better food, clothing, shelter, etc.
  6. To make work, travel and communication faster, easier, and more comfortable.

1-2 Characteristics of a good research

1) Research is systematic: It follows an orderly and sequential procedure that leads to the discovery of truth, solution of a problem, or whatever is aimed to be discovered.

2) Research is controlled: All variables except those that are tested or being experimented upon are kept constant (nor allowed to change or vary) so that the changes made on the subjects of the study can be attributed only to the experimental variable.  This is especially true in an experimental research.

3) Research is empirical: All the procedures employed and the data gathered are perceived in the same manner by all observers.

4) Research is analytical: There is critical analysis of all the data used so that there is no error in their

interpretation.

5) Research is objective, unbiased and logical: All the findings and conclusions are logically based on empirical data and no effort is made to alter the results of the research.

6) Research employs hypothesis: This is to guide the investigation process.  In experimental studies, hypotheses are expressly stated but in descriptive studies, the specific sub-problems or specific questions serve as hypotheses and the hypotheses are tested and not proved.

 7) Research employs quantitative or statistical methods: Data are transformed into numerical measures and are treated statistically to determine their significance or usefulness.

8) Research is original work: Except in historical research, data are gathered from primary sources or first-hand sources and not from secondary sources (usually printed materials such as books, or theses, etc.)

9) Research is done by an expert: The researcher uses valid and carefully designed procedures, valid-data gathering instruments and valid data.  He subjects his data to expert scrutiny.

10) Research is accurate investigation, observation and description: In fact, every research activity must be done accurately so that the findings will lead to the formulation of scientific generalizations.  All conclusions are based on actual evidence.

11) Research is patient and an unhurried activity: This is to ensure accuracy.  Research that is hurriedly done or conducted carelessly due to racing against time may lead to shaky conclusions and generalizations.

12) Research requires effort-making capacity:  No research can be conducted without the exertion of much effort.  No one without any effort-making capacity can conduct a research because research involves much work and time.

13) Research requires courage:  Research requires courage because the researcher oftentimes undergoes hazards, discomforts and the like.  At times the researcher encounters public and social disapproval.  Also disagreements with colleagues may arise.

1-3 Principle of selecting Method

1.Rigid control                                                            3.  Systematic Organization; &

2.Objectivity                                                   4.  Rigorous standards

* RIGID CONTROL refers to the manipulation of the research variable.  Variables are those things that vary in quantity and quality, which are to be manipulated by the researcher.

* OBJECTIVITY means that there should be no bias or partiality in treating the results of the inquiry.  The results should not be tampered with, whatever they may be.

* SYSTEMATIC ORGANIZATION refers to proper and accurate tabulation of data as well as presenting them in statistical tables ready for interpretation.

* RIGOROUS STANDARDS refers to the setting up of standards or principles for evaluating the findings of a study.  Such standards should not be changed to suit the expectations of a researcher.  This principle also refers to the accurate statistical computation and interpretation of quantified data.

1.4 Designing the study

Designing the study must follow the scientific method of research. Aside from choosing the right problem, forming the hypotheses and library research, designing the study also includes deciding on the method of research to be used, the study population, the instrument for gathering data and its preparation, the sampling design, statistical treatment of data, analysis and interpretation of data.

Different methods of collecting data are the interview, questionnaire, observations, tests, and others as well as the preparation of their respective instruments. Sampling designs include pure random, systematic, stratified, cluster and others types.

1.5 Guidelines in the sekection of a research problrm or topic

The research problem or topic must be chosen by the researcher himself. The following guidelines are as follows:

1) It must be within the interest of the researcher. 

2) It must be within the specialization of the researcher. This will in some way make the work easier for him because he is working on familiar grounds.

3) It must be within the competence of the researcher to tackle.  The researcher must know the method of research and other research procedures applicable to his problem and he must know how to apply them.  4) The researcher must have a workable understanding of his study.

5) It must be within the ability of the researcher to finance; otherwise he must be able to find funding for his research.  There must be a budget, which he must be able to shoulder.

6) It is researchable and manageable:

7) It requires original, critical and reflective thinking to solve it.

8) It can be delimited to suit the resources of the researcher but big or large enough to be able to give significant, valid and reliable results and generalizations.

9) It must contribute to the national development goals for the improvement of the quality of human life.

10) It must contribute to the fund of human knowledge.

11) It must show or pave the way for the solution of the problem or problems intended to be solved.

12) It must not undermine the moral and spiritual values of the people.  It must not advocate the promotion of antisocial values such as drug addiction, cruelty, hatred, divisiveness, etc.  As much as possible, it must advocate the promotion of divine values and those admirable human values such as love, peace, goodwill, etc.

13) It must not advocate any change in the present order of things by means of violence but by peaceful means.

1.6 Experimental Research

The experimental method of research is defined by Good as a method or procedure involving the control or manipulation of conditions for the purpose of studying the relative effects of various treatments applied to members of a sample, or of the same treatment applied to members of different samples.  (Good, p. 216)

The basic purpose of experimental method of research is to discover the influence of one or more factors upon a condition, group or situation, the purpose of which is to discover “what will be.”  It describes and analyzes variables in carefully controlled conditions as a basis for inferring or concluding. An experimental research therefore, consists of manipulating an experimental variable under highly controlled conditions to determine how and why a particular event occurs.  (Manuel and Medel, p. 37)

 

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